Person Body Draw in Lines Playing Soccer

2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: Sports

A histrion (wearing the red kit) has penetrated the defence (in the white kits) and is taking a shot at the goal. The goalkeeper will attempt to stop the ball from inbound the goal.

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Football (also known equally association football or soccer) is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each. It is widely considered to be the most pop sport in the earth. A ball game, information technology is played on a rectangular grass field, or occasionally an artificial turf, with a goal at each end of the field. The object of the game is to score past manoeuvring the ball into the opposing goal; only the goalkeepers may use their easily or arms to propel the ball in full general play. The team that scores the most goals by the terminate of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extended time, depending on the format of the contest.

The modernistic game was codified in England following the formation of the Football Association, whose 1863 Laws of the Game created the foundations for the way the sport is played today. Football is governed internationally by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The about prestigious international football competition is the World Cup, held every 4 years. This result, the almost widely viewed and famous in the world, boasts twice the audience of the Summer Olympics.

Nature of the game

A goalkeeper dives to stop the ball from entering his goal.

Football is played in accordance with a set of rules, known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a unmarried round ball (the football) and two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other squad's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The squad that has scored more goals at the terminate of the game is the winner; if both teams accept scored an equal number of goals, so the game is a draw. There are exceptions to this rule, however; meet Elapsing and tie-breaking methods below.

The master rule is that the players (other than the goalkeepers) may not intentionally touch the ball with their hands or artillery during play (though they exercise use their easily during a throw-in restart). Although players commonly use their anxiety to movement the brawl around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or artillery.

In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a laissez passer or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball; withal, physical contact between opponents is express. Football is mostly a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the referee. Afterward a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

At a professional level, nearly matches produce but a few goals. For example, during the English 2005-06 season of the FA Premier League, an average of 2.48 goals per lucifer were scored.

The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of role player specialisations have evolved. Broadly, these include 3 main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main chore is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and proceed possession of the ball in club to laissez passer it to the forwards; players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, in order to discern them from the unmarried goalkeeper. These positions are further differentiated past which side of the field the role player spends most fourth dimension in. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The 10 outfield players may be arranged in these positions in any combination (for example, in that location may be four defenders, four midfielders, and two forwards, or three defenders, three midfielders, and four forrard), and the number of players in each position determines the style of the team'southward play; more frontward and fewer defenders would create a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse would create a slower, more defensive style of play. While players may spend about of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on actor move, and players can switch positions at whatsoever time. The layout of the players on the pitch is chosen the team's formation, and defining the squad's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's director.

History and development

Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very primeval form of the game for which in that location is scientific prove was an practise of precisely this good technique dating back to the 2nd and third centuries B.C. in China." In addition, the Roman games Harpastum may be a distant antecedent of football. Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though rules varied profoundly by both period and location.

Whilst football has connected to be played in various forms throughout Great britain, the English language public schools (fee-paying schools) are widely credited with certain fundamental achievements in the creation of mod football (association football and the rugby football games - rugby league and rugby union football). The evidence suggests that during the sixteenth century English public schools mostly, and headmaster Richard Mulcaster in particular, were instrumental in taking football game away from its vehement " mob" form and turning information technology into an organized squad sport that was benign to schoolboys. Therefore, the game became institutionalised, regulated, and part of a larger, more cardinal tradition. Many early descriptions of football and references to it (e.g. poetry) were recorded past people who had studied at these schools, showing they were familiar with the game. Finally, in the 19th century, teachers and former students were the first to write down formal rules of early modern football to enable matches to exist played between schools.

The rules of football game equally they are codified today are effectively based on the mid-19th-century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England. The first always set of football rules were written at Eton College in 1815. The Cambridge Rules were a lawmaking of football rules, beginning drawn upwards at Cambridge Academy in 1848, which have influenced the development of Association football (also known simply every bit "football game", or soccer) and subsequent codes.

The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools, just they were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking earth to play diverse forms of football. Some came upwards with their ain distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football game Club (formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School as well devised an influential prepare of rules.

These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863 which first met on the morning of 26 Oct 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Neat Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings betwixt October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive gear up of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous coming together, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in paw and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kick an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did non join the FA simply instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The 11 remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original 13 laws of the game. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s.

The laws of the game are currently determined past the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 later on a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Clan. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. West. Alcock and has been contested by English language teams since 1872. The starting time official international football game match took place in 1872 betwixt Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is dwelling house to the earth's starting time football league, which was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the N of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international football trunk, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football game Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the comprisal of FIFA representatives to the International Football Clan Lath in 1913. The lath currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and ane representative from each of the four British associations.

Map showing the popularity of football around the world. Countries where football game is the most pop sport are coloured green, while countries where information technology is not are coloured red. The various shades of green and crimson indicate the number of players per 1,000 inhabitants.

Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world, and millions of people regularly get to football stadia to follow their favourite squad, whilst billions more than watch the game on television. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA and published in the jump of 2001, over 240 million people regularly play football game in more than 200 countries in every part of the earth. Its elementary rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity.

In many parts of the earth football game evokes keen passions and plays an important part in the life of private fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to exist the nearly popular sport in the globe. ESPN has spread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation'south civil war in 2005. By contrast, however, football is widely considered to be the terminal proximate crusade in the Football game War in June 1969 between El salvador and Honduras. The sport besides exacerbated tensions at the first of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a Red Star Belgrade-at- Dinamo Zagreb friction match devolved into rioting in March 1990.

Laws of the Game

Football is popular among children besides as adults.

Overview of the laws

There are seventeen laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same Laws are designed to use to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such equally juniors, seniors or women are permitted. The laws are ofttimes framed in wide terms, which allow flexibility in their awarding depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football game. The laws tin can be found on the official FIFA website.

Players, equipment and officials

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Contest rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a squad; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, merely they are only allowed to practise so inside the penalty expanse in front of their ain goal. Though there are a multifariousness of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed past a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.

The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to vesture or use annihilation that is dangerous to themselves or another histrion (including jewellery or watches). The goalkeeper must clothing vesture that is easily distinguishable from that worn past the other players and the match officials.

A number of players may exist replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is iii, though the number permitted may be varied in other leagues or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or every bit a defensive ploy to use up a little time at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further function in the match.

A game is officiated past a referee, who has "full say-so to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law v), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted past two banana referees. In many high-level games in that location is also a quaternary official (and in the world cup a fifth official), who assist(due south) the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.

Playing field

Standard pitch measurements (

See Imperial version)

Due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in majestic units. The Laws now limited dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though pop employ tends to go along to utilize traditional units.

The length of the rectangular field (pitch) specified for international adult matches is in the range 100-110 metres (110-120 yd) and the width is in the range 65-75 metres (70-80 yd). Fields for not-international matches may exist 100-130 yards length and 50-100 yards in width, provided that the pitch does non become square. The longer boundary lines are touchlines or sidelines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. On the goal line at each end of the field a rectangular goal is centred. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 8 yards (vii.32 thou) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 8 feet (ii.44 m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, merely are not required by the Laws.

In forepart of each goal is an area of the field known as the penalty area (colloquially "penalization box", "eighteen-yard box" or simply "the box"). This area is marked past the goal-line, ii lines starting on the goal-line 18 yards (16.five g) from the goalposts and extending 18 yards into the pitch perpendicular to the goal-line, and a line joining them. This expanse has a number of functions, the well-nigh prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penal foul by a member of the defending squad becomes punishable by a punishment boot.

The field has other field markings and defined areas .

Duration and tie-breaking methods

A standard developed football game match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each one-half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is non stopped when the ball is out of play; the referee does, however, make allowance for time lost through meaning stoppages as described below. There is normally a 15-minute "half-fourth dimension" interruption betwixt halves. The end of the match is known as total-time.

The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for fourth dimension lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage fourth dimension or injury time, and is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee lone signals the end of the friction match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the finish of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add, and the 4th official then informs the players and spectators by property up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage fourth dimension may be further extended past the referee.

In league competitions games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the terminate of regulation time it may become into actress time, which consists of 2 further 15-infinitesimal periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions permit the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to make up one's mind which team will progress to the adjacent stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra fourth dimension periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are simply used to make up one's mind the squad that progresses to the side by side part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalisation shootout not making up part of the final score).

Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may use the abroad goals dominion to attempt to determine which team progresses in the consequence of equal amass scores. If the result is yet equal post-obit this calculation kicks from the penalty mark are unremarkably required, though some competitions may crave a tied game to be replayed.

In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with means of making matches more likely to terminate without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen equally an undesirable way to finish a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early on, either when the showtime goal in extra time was scored ( golden goal), or if ane team held a lead at the end of the kickoff period of extra fourth dimension ( silvery goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 (France) and 2002 (Japan-South Korea). The kickoff Earth Loving cup game decided by a golden goal was French republic'southward victory over Paraguay in 1998. In Euro 1996, Deutschland was the first nation to score a gilt goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004 (Portugal). Both these experiments take been discontinued by IFAB.

Ball in and out of play

Ronaldinho prepares to take a corner kick

Under the Laws, the 2 basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the commencement of each playing period with a kicking-off (a set kick from the center-spot by i team) until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped past the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:

• Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to brainstorm each menses of play.
• Throw-in: when the brawl has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which final touched the ball.
• Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by an aggressor; awarded to defending team.
• Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having terminal been touched past a defender; awarded to attacking team.
• Indirect free kicking: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution/transport-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may non exist scored straight from an indirect free boot.
• Direct costless kicking: awarded to fouled team following sure listed "penal" fouls.
• Punishment kicking: awarded to the fouled squad following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kicking simply that has occurred inside their opponent's penalisation area.
• Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for whatever other reason (e.m., a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective). This restart is uncommon in adult games.

Fouls and misconduct

Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a ruby-red card.

A foul occurs when a player commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of the Game when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Police 12. Handling the ball, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct gratis kicking or penalisation kicking depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick.

The referee may punish a histrion or substitute'southward misconduct by a caution (yellow menu) or sending-off (carmine card). A 2nd yellow card at the same game leads to a red menu, and therefore to a sending-off. Misconduct may occur at any fourth dimension, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In item, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may exist used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. Non-players, such as managers and support staff, may exist dismissed from the field and its surrounds past the referee if they neglect to conduct themselves in a responsible fashion.

Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to go along when its continuation will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known every bit "playing an reward". The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue inside a short period of time, typically taken to be four to five seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised because the referee plays an advantage, the offender may still be sanctioned for any associated misconduct at the next stoppage of play.

Offside

The offside law effectively limits the ability of attacking players to remain forrard (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of the ball, the 2nd-to-last defending player (which tin include the goalkeeper), and the half-way line.

Governing bodies

The recognised international governing body of football game (and associated games, such as futsal and embankment soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football game Association (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich, Switzerland.

Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:

• Asia: Asian Football game Confederation (AFC)
• Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
• Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Clan Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
• Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
• Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
• Due south America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (Due south American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)

The recognised diverse national associations (see football around the world) oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both with FIFA direct and also with their respective continental confederations.

The Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they are maintained by the International Football Association Board, as discussed in the history and evolution department above.

Major international competitions

The FIFA World Cup bays, which has been awarded to the world champions since 1974.

The major international competition in football is the Globe Cup, organised by FIFA. This contest takes identify over a iv-year catamenia. More than 190 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a identify in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every 4 years, now involves 32 national teams (increased in 1998 from the 24 of 1994) competing over a iv-calendar week period. The 2006 FIFA World Cup took place in Deutschland; in 2010 it will be held in South Africa.

There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Prior to the inception of the World Loving cup, the Olympics (particularly during the 1920s) had the same status equally the World Loving cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs but, notwithstanding, since the 1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted likewise, albeit with sure restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics take allowed a restricted number of over-historic period players per team; but that practise will end in the 2008 Olympics. The Olympic contest is non generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige every bit the Earth Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in dissimilarity to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without historic period restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's Earth Loving cup.

Afterwards the World Cup, the well-nigh of import football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Title (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Loving cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Aureate Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). Two of the most prestigious competitions in club football game are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America. The nearly prestigious competition until 2005 was the Intercontinental Cup which was contested by the winner lodge of the European Champions League cup and the winner of the Copa Libertadores. This was a single match played in Tokyo, Japan and went from 1980 until 2004. This was also known equally the Toyota Cup. Due to the growing number of audience and interest of people from Africa, N America and Asia, this "cup" was replaced in 2005 by the FIFA Club Earth Championship in which there is no single match, but a whole tournament betwixt the winners of the six club championships of each FIFA confederation.

Domestic competitions

The governing bodies in each country operate leagues, usually comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the flavor depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in gild co-ordinate to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at domicile and away in each flavour. At the end of a season, the top squad are declared to exist the champions, and the top few teams may be promoted to a higher division; and ane or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower sectionalization. The teams finishing at the acme of a country'due south league may be eligible besides to play in international gild competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.

In addition to a league system, most countries operate one or more cup competitions during the flavour. These are organised on a knock-out basis, the winner of each lucifer proceeding to the side by side round; the loser takes no farther part in the competition.

Some countries' acme divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players may exist role-timers with a 2nd job, or amateurs. The top European leagues, especially England'due south, Spain's, and Italian republic's, attract most of the world's all-time players. Historical restrictions on the number of foreign players in a club's team have been largely eliminated by the Bosman ruling.

Names of the game

The rules of football were codified in England past the Football Association in 1863, and the proper noun association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football game played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer starting time appeared in the 1880s as a slang abridgement of Association football, often credited to Charles Wreford-Brownish.

Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speaking world, the most mutual existence football and soccer. The term used depends largely on the need to differentiate the sport from other types of football played in a community. Football is the term used past FIFA, the sport's world governing body, and the International Olympic Committee. For more than details of naming throughout the globe, please refer to the master articles above.

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Source: https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/f/Football_%2528soccer%2529.htm

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